W-2 employee overview
A W-2 employee is someone employed by a US company or organization. Each year, they get a W-2 form to show their income and the taxes taken out.
W-2 employees are not contractors or freelancers. They have rights and benefits in the US, like health coverage, paid breaks, job loss benefits, and insurance for workplace injuries. This concept is for the US and might not match rules in other countries.
Understanding the W-2 tax form
Form W-2 states how much your job paid you and the taxes its accountant department took out. Every worker gets a W-2 from their employer, but contractors get a different form (Form 1099-NEC). Employees use the W-2 form when doing their taxes with the IRS (Internal Revenue Service).
Benefits for W-2 employees
W-2 worker benefits are the additional perks and extras, aside from direct labor pay, that companies offer their employees. These benefits include:
Medicare and social services taxes (FICA taxes)
Insurance for job injuries
Job loss benefits
Health plans, sometimes special ones based on company size
Time off under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Disability coverage
Retirement savings options
Getting a W-2 form
As an employee, you can expect that your employer gives you a W-2 form every year by January 31st. If you can't get it from them, the IRS can help. The Internal Revenue Service gives you a copy of the form if you haven’t received one.
Copies of the W-2 form
You, your employer, and the IRS get copies of your W-2.
Copy A – should be sent to the Social Security Office by tax day.
Copy B – should be saved until you use it for your taxes.
Copy C – should be stored by you for at least three years.
Copy D – should be kept by your employer.
Copy 1 – should be sent by the employer to local tax offices if needed.
Copy 2 – should be kept by you for local tax offices if needed.
If you have more than one job, you get a W-2 from each employer. Using multiple W-2s for taxes is okay. At the same time, it's rare to get many W-2s from one employer. The latter can happen in some particular cases, for example, if the company was sold.
For Non-US Workers
The W-2 is for US taxes. If you're from another country but work for a US company, you might get Form 1042-S which you need to include in your taxes.
If you work in another country for a US company, you usually pay taxes to your local government. However, in the US company might still take out US taxes. Check for agreements between the US and your country to avoid double taxation.
W-9 form
In the United States, Form W-9, officially titled "Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification," is used in specific tax situations. Namely, it's for businesses to get tax details from freelancers who are US citizens or tax residents, no matter where they are.
Purpose of Form W-9
Form W-9 is primarily used by individuals and entities, such as freelancers, independent contractors, and businesses, to provide their taxpayer identification number (TIN) to entities that will pay them income during the tax year. The TIN can be a Social Security number (SSN), Employer Identification Number (EIN), or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN).
The details provided on the W-9 are then used by the paying entity to fill out other tax documents, like Form 1099-MISC, which reports non-employee compensation.
In simple words, US businesses don't withhold tax or give benefits to freelancers. But the IRS wants to track what freelancers earn. Businesses report payments over $600 to freelancers using Form 1099-NEC, and they use Form W-9 to get the freelancer's tax ID.
If a US business works with a freelancer who isn't a US citizen or tax resident, they use Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E.
When is Form W-9 used?
Usually, clients or financial institutions will ask for this form. It's not sent to the IRS. Instead, return it to the person who asked for it and keep a copy. Here is a wider list of situations when you should use Form W-9:
For independent contractors and freelancers. Businesses request a W-9 from non-employees they pay for services to ensure they have the necessary details to report the payments.
For interest, dividend, and broker transactions. Financial institutions might request a W-9 for certain transactions.
For debt cancellation. If a debt owed by an individual or business is canceled, the creditor may request a W-9 from the debtor.
For real estate transactions. In some real estate transactions, a W-9 might be requested to report payments and transactions to the IRS.
Where do you get Form W-9?
You can obtain Form W-9 directly from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The simplest way to obtain Form W-9 is to download it from the official IRS website. You can also visit a local IRS or federal government office to pick up various tax forms, including Form W-9. However, if a business or individual needs you to complete a Form W-9, they will often provide one for you.
When you have the form, you can fill it out manually, or if you've downloaded it from the IRS website, you may be able to fill it out electronically and then print and sign it. Always ensure you're using the latest form version, as the IRS can update it.
How do you fill in Form W-9?
Filling out Form W-9 is relatively straightforward, but it's essential to provide accurate information. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to fill out the form:
Name. Enter your full name as shown on your income tax return. If you operate a sole proprietorship and your business has a separate name (a "doing business as" name), you'll put that in the next line.
Business name. If you have a business name, trade name, DBA name, or disregarded entity name, you'll put it here. If not, just leave it blank.
Federal Tax Classification. Check the appropriate box for your tax classification (e.g., individual/sole proprietor, C Corporation, S Corporation, Partnership, Trust/estate, Limited Liability Company, etc.). If you're an LLC, you'll also need to specify the tax classification (C=C corporation, S=S corporation, P=Partnership).
Exemptions. If you are exempt from backup withholding and FATCA reporting, enter the appropriate codes in the boxes. Most individuals do not fill out this section unless they've received a specific notice from the IRS.
Address. Provide your address.
City, state, and ZIP. Fill in your city, state, and ZIP code.
List account number(s) here (optional). This is only used when the W-9 is provided in relation to a specific account, and the requester wants to associate the form with that account. You can usually leave this blank.
Part I – TIN (Taxpayer Identification Number). If you're an individual, this will be your Social Security Number (SSN). If you're operating with a business entity (like an LLC or a Corporation), it might be an Employer Identification Number (EIN).
Part II – Certification. Read the certification carefully. If everything is accurate, you'll sign and date the form. By signing, you're certifying, among other things, that the TIN you're providing is correct and that you're not subject to backup withholding (unless you've previously been notified by the IRS that you are).
Signature and Date. Sign your name and date the form.
Form W-9 is a critical tax form, and any false statements can result in penalties. It's crucial to ensure the information provided on the form is accurate and up-to-date.
Note: This summary is for information only. Always check the IRS website or consult a tax expert for guidance.
Web architecture
Software architecture is the fundamental structure of a software system, encompassing the components, their relationships, and how they interact. It serves as a blueprint, guiding the development process and ensuring the system meets its intended goals.
Think of it as the architectural blueprint of a building: it outlines the structure, components, and how they work together, but without the specific details of interior design or electrical wiring.
Architecture definition
Web architecture is the structural design of a website or web application, encompassing the arrangement, organization, and interaction of its components. It defines the relationship between different elements, such as pages, databases, and servers, to create a cohesive and efficient digital experience.
Architecture components
Architecture components are the fundamental building blocks of a software system. They represent distinct functional units with well-defined interfaces. These components interact to achieve the system's overall goals. Key types of architecture components include:
Presentation layer. The user interface, responsible for interaction with the user.
Business logic layer. Handles the core business rules and processes.
Data access layer. Manages interaction with the database.
Integration layer. Connects to external systems and services.
Security layer. Protects the system from unauthorized access.
Caching layer. Improves performance by storing frequently accessed data.
Logging and monitoring components. Collect and analyze system data for troubleshooting and optimization.
These components are designed to be modular and reusable, allowing for flexibility and scalability in software development.
Infrastructure components
DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses. It's the phonebook of the internet, directing users to the correct servers.
Load balancers distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers to prevent overload and ensure optimal performance.
Caching services involve storing frequently accessed data in memory for faster retrieval.
CDN (Content Delivery Network) is a geographically distributed network of servers that deliver content to users based on their location.
Data storage and processing
Databases store and manage data. They can be relational (structured data) or NoSQL (unstructured or semi-structured data). They are essential for storing user information, product catalogs, and other critical data.
Data warehouses are specialized databases designed to store and process large amounts of data for analysis. They are used for business intelligence and reporting purposes.
Application components
Web app servers are software applications that handle client requests and generate dynamic content. They interact with databases to retrieve and process information and then send the appropriate response to the client.
Types of web architecture
Web architecture refers to the structural design of a website or web application. There are several primary types:
Monolithic architecture is the traditional approach where all components of an application are tightly coupled and deployed as a single unit. While simple to develop, it becomes challenging to maintain and scale as the application grows.
Client-server architecture separates the user interface (client) from the application logic (server). The client interacts with the server to request data and services.
Three-tier architecture is an extension of client-server architecture. It introduces a middle tier between the client and the database, handling business logic.
Service-oriented architecture focuses on reusable services that can be combined to build applications. It promotes modularity and flexibility.
Microservices architecture is a modern approach that breaks down an application into small, independent services. Each service focuses on a specific business capability and can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.
Serverless architecture offloads the management of servers to a cloud provider. Developers focus on writing code, without worrying about infrastructure.
Hybrid approaches combining elements of different architectures are also common in modern web development.
What about frontend and backend?
Frontend and backend aren't architectural types, but rather components within a web architecture.
Frontend. The user interface of a web application, responsible for the visual presentation and interaction. It's typically built using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Backend. The server-side of a web application, handling data processing, business logic, and database interactions. Technologies like Python, Java, Ruby on Rails, and Node.js are commonly used.
These two components work together to create a complete web application.
Criteria of web architecture
Performance. How quickly the application responds to user requests. The ability to handle increasing loads without compromising performance. The amount of work a system can accomplish in a given time period.
Reliability. The system's uptime and accessibility. The ability to continue operating despite failures. Graceful handling of unexpected errors.
Maintainability. Breaking down the application into reusable components. Ease of testing individual components and the overall system. Clear and well-documented codebase.
Security. Safeguarding sensitive user information. Controlling access to system resources. Identifying and addressing security weaknesses.
Cost-Efficiency. Efficient use of hardware and software resources. Avoiding unnecessary costs.
By adhering to these criteria, developers can create web applications that are efficient, reliable, secure, and maintainable.
What specialists create web architecture?
Creating a robust web architecture requires a team of skilled professionals. Here are the key roles:
Software architect. Oversees the overall design and structure of the system, making high-level decisions about technology choices and system components.
System architect. Focuses on the technical infrastructure, including hardware, networking, and system integration.
Web architect. Specializes in designing the architecture specifically for web applications, considering factors like scalability, performance, and user experience.
Solution architect. Bridges the gap between business requirements and technical implementation, ensuring the architecture aligns with business goals.
Database architect. Designs the database schema, ensuring data integrity and performance.
Additionally, roles like UI/UX designers, security engineers, and DevOps engineers contribute to the overall architecture by considering factors like user experience, security, and deployment.
Who is a cloud architect?
A cloud architect is a tech specialist who defines and manages the business’s cloud infrastructure. They design systems that support the company’s operations and choose the right technologies for scalability, security, and cost efficiency. Beyond technical expertise, cloud architects develop strategies to optimize cloud adoption and guide teams while aligning cloud solutions with business goals. A cloud architect also evaluates risks, ensures compliance with industry standards, and adapts systems to evolving needs. In a nutshell, a cloud architect is a technical yet highly strategic role.
What is the difference between a cloud architect and a cloud engineer?
In short, cloud architects design the "what and why," while cloud engineers deliver the "how." Here’s a bit more about the focus and responsibilities of a cloud architect and a cloud engineer:
Role focus
A cloud architect focuses on the big picture. They design the overall cloud strategy, choose the right platforms and tools, and ensure the architecture aligns with business goals. Their work is more about planning, decision-making, and creating blueprints for cloud systems.
A cloud engineer works on the execution. They build, deploy, and maintain the systems designed by the architect. Their job involves hands-on tasks like configuring servers, writing scripts, and troubleshooting issues.
Responsibilities
A cloud architect defines cloud solutions, optimizes costs, ensures scalability, and manages security policies at a strategic level.
A cloud engineer implements and monitors cloud environments, manages backups, and handles day-to-day cloud operations.
Skills
Architects focus on design principles, multi-cloud strategies, and business alignment.
Engineers focus on coding, automation, and the technical setup of cloud systems.
Why do companies need cloud architects?
A cloud architect helps businesses grow, secure data, and control expenses. For instance, they help optimize infrastructure to scale during peak usage or secure financial data in compliance-heavy industries like banking.
Cloud architects also play a key role in reducing waste. Many businesses overspend on cloud resources due to poor planning, such as running unnecessary virtual machines or underutilizing paid services. A skilled architect identifies inefficiencies and implements measures to ensure that companies get the most from their cloud investments.
In addition to saving money, cloud architects improve system reliability. They design robust architectures that minimize downtime and ensure uninterrupted services even during unexpected failures.
History of the role
The role of the cloud architect took shape in the late 2000s, alongside the growth of cloud computing. Companies like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure introduced scalable platforms that moved IT infrastructure away from physical servers. This shift created a need for experts who could design efficient and secure cloud solutions. Over time, businesses began using complex setups like multi-cloud environments and hybrid clouds, making the role even more critical.
What does a cloud architect do?
A cloud architect designs and oversees cloud systems tailored to business needs. They assess existing infrastructure, choose the right cloud platforms, and ensure systems are scalable and secure. They also plan migrations from on-premises systems to the cloud and optimize cloud spending. Additionally, they create disaster recovery strategies and maintain compliance with data regulations.
Day-to-day tasks of a cloud architect
Assess cloud needs – Review company’s requirements to determine the best cloud solutions.
Design cloud infrastructure – Create a blueprint for deploying applications and services in the cloud.
Collaborate with teams – Work closely with developers, security specialists, and IT staff to implement cloud systems.
Monitor systems – Use tools to ensure cloud environments perform optimally and meet security standards.
Optimize costs – Analyze usage patterns to reduce unnecessary expenses and maximize resource efficiency.
Troubleshoot issues – Address outages, performance problems, or integration challenges.
Requirements for the role
Education: Bachelor’s degree in computer science, IT, or a related field. Advanced certifications in cloud platforms like AWS Certified Solutions Architect, Microsoft Azure Architect, or Google Cloud Certified Professional Architect.
Skills:
Strong understanding of cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud.
Expertise in networking, virtualization, and databases.
Knowledge of programming languages like Python, Java, or Go.
Problem-solving and system design skills.
Leadership and communication abilities to manage teams and present strategies.
Experience: 5+ years in IT, with roles in system administration, DevOps, or cloud engineering. Proven track record in designing and deploying large-scale cloud solutions.
The average salary of a Cloud Architect in different countries (2024)
Cloud architects are expensive specialists because their expertise is rare and in high demand. They bring a combination of advanced technical knowledge, strategic thinking, and practical experience to the table. The high salaries reflect their ability to handle multiple responsibilities and the risks companies face without their expertise.
Here are the average annual salaries of cloud architects in different regions:
USA: $130,000–$170,000
Israel: $95,000–$120,000
Ukraine: $40,000–$60,000
Poland: $60,000–$85,000
Germany: $110,000–$140,000
India: $30,000–$60,000
How do you know if your company needs a cloud architect?
You need a cloud architect if your company:
Plans to migrate to the cloud but lacks in-house expertise.
Faces challenges with scaling infrastructure for growing business demands.
Spends excessively on cloud services without clear optimization strategies.
Operates in industries with strict security or compliance requirements, like healthcare or finance.
Aims to implement modern technologies like machine learning, IoT, or big data.
By hiring a cloud architect, you gain the expertise to create robust, cost-effective, and scalable systems while reducing risks associated with poor implementation.
Who is a Data Scientist?
A Data Scientist is a professional who turns complex data into clear insights that guide business decisions. They use a mix of statistical analysis, programming, and machine learning to identify trends and patterns. By applying these techniques, they help businesses make data-driven choices that can improve operations, drive growth, and enhance efficiency.
See the overview of their role below.
Functions and responsibilities of Data Scientists
Data collection and cleaning. They gather large datasets from various sources and ensure they are free from errors.
Data analysis and modeling. Data scientists use statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms to interpret data and build predictive models.
Visualization and reporting. They present findings to stakeholders through dashboards, charts, and reports using tools like Tableau or Power BI.
Collaboration. Data scientists work with cross-functional teams, including business analysts, engineers, and executives, to solve organizational challenges.
Implementation. They deploy machine learning models into production to automate and optimize decision-making processes.
Data scientist’s day-to-day tasks
A data scientist’s daily activities revolve around solving business challenges through data. While their tasks vary depending on the project, here are some of their activities to give you a broader perspective on their workflow.
Data wrangling includes cleaning, preprocessing, and transforming raw data into usable formats. They also handle missing values, normalize datasets, and address outliers to ensure accuracy.
Exploratory data analysis means using visualization tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau to uncover trends and patterns in the data. This function also involves generating insights through descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing.
Algorithm development is designing and testing machine learning models, from basic regression models to complex neural networks. Data scientists work on iteratively improving models by adjusting hyperparameters and testing different features.
Programming and coding includes writing scripts in Python, R, or Julia for data manipulation, model building, or automation tasks. Data scientists can also develop reusable codebases and collaborate with engineering teams to integrate models into production.
Database management means querying databases using SQL for efficient data extraction. At this step, data scientists manage structured and unstructured data in systems like MongoDB, Hadoop, or Snowflake.
Tool and framework usage. For example, data scientists work with TensorFlow or Scikit-learn for machine learning and use cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud for large-scale data analysis.
Model deployment means collaborating with DevOps or software engineers to deploy machine learning models into live systems. At this stage, data scientists monitor model performance in production and address data drift or inaccuracies.
Team collaboration include meetings to discuss project goals and share progress. Data scientists are expected to communicate findings and actionable insights to business stakeholders through presentations or dashboards.
Continuous learning means that data scientists need to stay updated on advancements in data science technologies, tools, and methodologies. For this purpose, they explore research papers, attend webinars, or take courses to refine skills.
Documentation means that data scientists need to maintain records of methodologies, code, and results to ensure reproducibility and compliance.
A typical data scientist’s workflow
For example, a data scientist working in retail may start the day querying sales data for the past month. After cleaning the data, they’ll build a predictive model to forecast inventory needs for the next quarter. By lunch, they might be debugging Python code to fix errors in the model pipeline. The afternoon could involve presenting findings to the supply chain team and deploying the model to automate replenishment processes.
Requirements for the Data Scientist role
The role of a data scientist demands a combination of educational qualifications, technical expertise, and soft skills. Here's an expanded view of what is typically required:
Educational background
A bachelor’s degree in fields like computer science, statistics, mathematics, or data science itself is a minimum requirement. Some positions accept degrees in related fields like economics, physics, or engineering, especially if complemented by relevant skills.
Many senior or specialized roles prefer candidates with a master’s degree or a Ph.D. in data science, artificial intelligence, or a related discipline. Advanced degrees often focus on machine learning, statistical modeling, or research methods, providing deeper expertise.
Industry-recognized certifications in data science tools and methodologies (e.g., AWS Certified Machine Learning, Google Data Engineer, or certifications in Tableau and Power BI) are all a great advantage. Meanwhile, online bootcamps and courses from platforms like Coursera, edX, or Kaggle can supplement formal education.
Technical skills
Programming skills include mastery in Python, R, and occasionally other languages like Julia or JavaScript (for web analytics). Data scientists also need knowledge of data manipulation libraries such as Pandas, NumPy, and dplyr.
Database management skills include expertise in SQL for relational databases, and familiarity with big data technologies like Hadoop, Spark, or NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB).
For ML and statistics, data scientists need the ability to apply machine learning algorithms (e.g., regression, clustering, decision trees) and strong foundation in statistical methods (hypothesis testing, probability distributions, A/B testing).
Data engineering knowledge include familiarity with ETL processes and pipeline development, as well as understanding of cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, or Azure for handling large datasets.
Visualization tools include proficiency in Tableau, Power BI, Matplotlib, or Seaborn to create compelling visual narratives.
For version control and collaboration, they need to know Git, JIRA, or similar tools for version control and teamwork.
Soft skills
Problem-solving and critical thinking – Capability to address complex business problems by designing appropriate data-driven solutions.
Communication – Ability to explain technical insights to non-technical stakeholders through storytelling.
Collaboration – Teamwork skills for working alongside analysts, engineers, and business leaders.
Adaptability and lifelong learning – Comfort with constantly updating skills to match evolving technologies and methods.
Salary trends for Data Scientists
Data scientists are vital across industries like technology, finance, healthcare, and retail. They not only help businesses make data-driven decisions but also innovate and optimize processes for future growth.
The demand for data scientists steadily grows, reflecting in salary trends. The USA offers the highest salaries for data scientists, reflecting a high demand for advanced skills and a mature tech ecosystem. Israel is a growing hub for tech innovation, offering competitive pay compared to other regions. Ukraine and India have significantly lower salaries, largely due to differences in cost of living and market maturity. However, these countries are known for strong talent in outsourcing. Poland and Germany reflect European averages, with Germany offering slightly higher compensation due to its robust economy and demand for high-tech professionals.
These figures can vary widely based on experience, company size, and location within the countries.
Who is a dedicated project manager?
A dedicated project manager is a professional responsible for leading and coordinating projects so they meet goals, timelines, and budgets. They are the point of communication between teams, stakeholders, and leadership, keeping everyone on the same page. They plan, organize, solve problems, and motivate the team while tracking progress to ensure the project’s success.
What is a dedicated project team structure?
A dedicated team is a group of professionals focused only on one project until it is complete. These teams don’t handle other tasks and are common in IT, software development, and R&D.
Such teams usually include project managers, developers, QA engineers, UI/UX designers, and business analysts. They work independently, with clear goals and workflows. Companies often use this approach for long-term or evolving projects, filling resource gaps, or outsourcing through staff augmentation (outstaffing development). Dedicated teams are ideal for complex projects, dynamic requirements, or when in-house expertise is limited.
Trends, statistics, and facts about PMs
The role of project managers is growing – by 2030, there will be a global demand for 25 million new project managers as IT, construction, healthcare, and finance expand their operations. As IT projects become more complex with the integration of AI and cloud technologies, project managers are more required to coordinate technical teams and business stakeholders.
Poor project management has a massive impact on business. Nearly 70% of projects fail to meet their goals due to mismanagement, missed deadlines, or unclear objectives. Imagine a large construction project where material deliveries are delayed, and the workforce is left idle. Without a skilled project manager to track logistics, negotiate with suppliers, and reassign tasks, such inefficiencies can escalate, leading to significant financial losses.
The economic benefits of good project management are equally impressive. Companies with effective project management see an increase in efficiency of up to 40%, translating to cost savings and better returns on investments.
Trends in the field also show how the role is evolving. Agile and hybrid methodologies, which combine flexibility with structured planning, are the new standard. Jira and Asana are no longer conveniences—they are central to how modern teams work together. Today, a project manager might use AI tools to predict delays in software development and adjust schedules in real time to minimize impact.
Day-to-day tasks of a Project Manager
A skilled project manager is a link between everyone in the team. They do the planning, management, and communication to deliver results. Here’s in a bit more detail.
Planning projects
A project manager begins by setting goals, timelines, and budgets. They break down the project into smaller tasks, create a roadmap, and assign deadlines. In a software development project, for example, a project manager will define milestones such as "prototype launch" or "user testing completion."
Good planning includes identifying key dependencies, for instance, ensuring development teams receive client feedback before moving forward. Without a solid plan, teams risk missing deadlines or running out of budget.
Resource allocation
A PM makes sure that every team member has what they need, whether it’s manpower, tools, or funding. They ensure the right people are assigned to the right roles while balancing workloads to avoid burnout. For instance, in a marketing project, they might allocate graphic designers to visual tasks while reserving data analysts for campaign performance tracking. They also secure tools, like CRM software, essential for productivity.
Monitoring progress
Tracking progress involves checking milestones, identifying delays, and adjusting as needed. A project manager uses tools like Gantt charts, Trello boards, or Jira to visualize the project’s status. Regular check-ins with teams ensure no task goes unnoticed and progress remains aligned with the timeline.
Risk management
Risk management is about spotting potential problems before they occur and preparing solutions. A project manager assesses risks at every stage, from technical errors to budget overruns.
Team leadership
Leadership goes beyond assigning tasks. A project manager inspires and supports team members, and creates an environment where people feel motivated and heard. When conflicts arise—such as disagreements between developers and designers—the project manager facilitates open communication.
Stakeholder communication
A critical part of the project manager’s role is ensuring stakeholders—whether clients, executives, or partners—are informed and aligned. They provide regular updates, deliver reports, and explain any changes to the original plan. If a project scope expands due to new client requirements, the project manager communicates how this affects the timeline and budget. Strong communication builds trust and ensures everyone remains committed to the project’s success.
Requirements for a Project Manager
What would a company require from a person applying for a project manager role? Here are some common requirements and demands.
Education
Most project managers hold at least a bachelor’s degree in business administration, engineering, IT, or management. IT project managers typically study computer science or software engineering.
Advanced roles may require a master’s degree in business administration (MBA) or project management. While formal education provides the foundation, project management is also about applying knowledge in real-world situations.
Certifications
Certifications add credibility and demonstrate knowledge of project management methodologies. The most recognized ones include:
Project Management Professional (PMP): This globally recognized certification by the PMI (Project Management Institute) validates expertise in managing projects of all sizes and complexities.
Certified ScrumMaster (CSM): Ideal for those working in Agile frameworks.
PRINCE2 (Projects IN Controlled Environments): Popular in Europe, it focuses on process-based project management approaches.
Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP): For those managing Agile projects, this certification emphasizes adaptability.
These certifications often require passing exams, showcasing project management experience, and maintaining knowledge through continuing education.
Experience and background
A strong project management career usually builds on years of experience in related roles.
Entry-level experience. Roles such as project coordinator or junior manager offer hands-on involvement in managing tasks, tracking progress, and learning stakeholder management.
Relevant industry knowledge. For example, an IT project manager might come from a software development background, while a marketing project manager might have years of campaign management experience.
Technical skills
There isn’t much. Here are some of the key and most common technical skills a PM would need:
Project management software: Microsoft Project, Jira, Asana, or Trello.
Budgeting and financial management: Allocate resources and control costs to keep projects within budget.
Data analysis: KPIs and dashboards to track performance and measure success.
Risk management: Identify risks, assess their impact, and plan mitigations to keep projects on schedule.
Apart from that, a PM should be familiar with the product and understand key algorithms of how their team’s tools and instruments work.
Soft skills
Soft skills are critical for managing people. A project manager needs to have leadership skills, know how to communicate with people of all backgrounds, be aware of time management, solve problems, and be adaptable.
Why are PMs important for businesses?
Project managers bring order and accountability to complex processes. They ensure teams meet deadlines, stay within budget, and deliver high-quality outcomes.
How do you know if your company needs a project manager?
Frequent delays – Your projects regularly miss deadlines.
Budget overruns – Your costs exceed expectations.
Lack of coordination – Teams struggle to collaborate or communicate.
Inconsistent results – Deliverables vary in quality or fail to meet expectations.
If your business faces any of these challenges, hiring a project manager can bring structure and efficiency to your operations.
The average salary of a Project Manager in different countries (as of 2024)
USA: $90,000–$120,000 per year.
Israel: $65,000–$85,000 per year.
Ukraine: $20,000–$35,000 per year.
Poland: $30,000–$45,000 per year.
Germany: $80,000–$100,000 per year.
India: $15,000–$30,000 per year.
Of course, much depends on the business niche and particular location of the company within the chosen country. Outsourcing to Ukraine, Poland, and other Eastern European countries is considered one of the best options due to the great cost-efficiency of this region in terms of software development and related IT services.
Who is a DevOps Manager?
A DevOps Manager leads the integration of development and operations teams to facilitate software delivery and infrastructure management. Their role is to create a culture of collaboration, implement tools and processes for continuous delivery, and ensure that development cycles are fast, stable, and secure. They act as the bridge between technical teams and business needs, overseeing the automation of workflows, monitoring system performance, and enabling teams to adapt quickly to changes.
Is there a difference between a DevOps Manager and a DevOps Engineer? An engineer is a hands-on technical professional who builds, maintains, and improves the tools and systems needed to automate and streamline software development and deployment. They focus on implementing CI/CD pipelines, managing infrastructure, and troubleshooting issues.
On the other hand, the DevOps Manager is a leadership role that oversees the DevOps process across teams. They ensure the alignment of tools, processes, and people with the organization's strategic goals. The manager is responsible for setting priorities, guiding teams, and fostering collaboration between development, operations, and business units.
The history of DevOps and its impact
The DevOps methodology emerged in the late 2000s to address inefficiencies in traditional software development. Back then, developers focused on creating code while operations teams handled deployment and maintenance. These teams often worked in silos, with little collaboration. This separation caused delays, miscommunication, and frequent errors, especially when changes in code disrupted the stability of deployed systems.
The term "DevOps" appeared, it is believed, on the 23rd of June 2009, during the DevOps Days conference in Belgium, organized by Patrick Debois, often called the "father of DevOps." This movement drew inspiration from Agile practices, focusing on continuous improvement, customer collaboration, and fast delivery cycles. It aimed to merge development and operations into a unified process where teams work together to automate workflows and improve system reliability.
The rise of automation tools like Jenkins for CI/CD, Docker for containerization, and Kubernetes for orchestrating containers also invested in the popularity of DevOps. These tools allowed teams to deploy software faster and with fewer errors.
The impact of DevOps has been profound. Netflix, Amazon, Google, and other companies adopted DevOps to achieve faster software releases, leading to their success in their industries. Today, DevOps is more than a methodology – it’s a cultural shift.
Day-to-day tasks of a DevOps Manager
DevOps Managers act as a bridge between development, operations, and business teams. They resolve communication gaps, clarify project goals, and mediate conflicts. But that’s not all! See the full list of DevOps Manager functions in a team.
Strategize DevOps practices
A DevOps Manager develops strategies to integrate development and operations teams. This involves analyzing existing workflows, identifying bottlenecks, and creating policies to improve efficiency. They ensure teams follow standardized processes for collaboration and technology use, which helps in scaling operations and maintaining consistency across projects.
Oversee CI/CD pipelines
Managing Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment pipelines is central to their role. They ensure the pipelines run smoothly, enabling teams to test and release code frequently and reliably. This involves setting up automated testing and deployment systems, monitoring for failures, and fine-tuning configurations to reduce downtime.
Automate workflows
The manager identifies tasks that can be automated to save time and reduce human error. This includes automating code builds, deployments, system monitoring, and alerts. By using tools like Ansible or Jenkins, they enable teams to focus on creative problem-solving instead of repetitive manual tasks.
Monitor system performance
They use performance monitoring tools like Grafana, Prometheus, or New Relic to track system health. This includes analyzing metrics like server load, memory usage, and application response times to detect and address issues before they affect users. Such proactive monitoring helps maintain high uptime and reliability.
Enhance security
Security is a growing concern in DevOps, and managers play a crucial role in integrating DevSecOps practices, like embedding security checks into CI/CD pipelines, setting up vulnerability scans, and ensuring teams follow security guidelines. They collaborate with cybersecurity teams to address threats and protect sensitive data.
Mentor teams
A DevOps Manager guides team members in adopting DevOps tools and practices. They hold training sessions, provide feedback on workflows, and encourage continuous learning. By fostering a culture of improvement, they help teams stay updated on emerging trends and technologies.
Requirements to become a DevOps Manager
As DevOps emphasizes collaboration, soft skills like empathy, adaptability, and active listening become as important as technical abilities. Hard skills, education, and experience are usually more important, though. Here’s what you will find in a typical role description:
Education
While a degree in computer science, IT, or a related field is common, some companies also consider equivalent experience, especially for candidates with certifications or strong technical backgrounds. Advanced degrees in management or specialized areas like cloud computing can give candidates an edge, particularly in large companies with complex systems.
Skills
Expertise in automation tools. Hands-on experience with Jenkins, Ansible, Chef, or Puppet is critical for streamlining development and operations processes. DevOps Managers must know how to set up, maintain, and scale these systems for teams.
Proficiency in cloud platforms. Cloud services such as AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud form the backbone of modern IT infrastructure. To guide cloud-based projects, managers must understand cloud architecture, cost optimization, and platform-specific services like AWS Lambda or Azure DevOps.
Scripting and programming knowledge. Familiarity with Python, Bash, or Go is essential for troubleshooting, creating scripts for automation, and understanding the technical challenges faced by the team.
CI/CD, version control, and containerization. A deep understanding of CI/CD practices, version control systems like Git, and containerization tools like Docker and Kubernetes is crucial. These skills ensure smoother software delivery cycles and scalable infrastructure.
Leadership and communication. As leaders, DevOps Managers must resolve conflicts, motivate teams, and communicate with technical staff and non-technical stakeholders. The ability to explain complex concepts in simple terms is invaluable for gaining buy-in across departments.
Experience
DevOps Managers typically build their expertise through years of hands-on roles in DevOps, system administration, or software engineering. Employers value candidates with a proven ability to lead projects, handle crises, and drive team collaboration. Experience in managing large-scale deployments or migrations, especially in cloud environments, is highly regarded.
Certifications
Certifications like AWS Certified DevOps Engineer, Microsoft Certified: DevOps Engineer Expert, or Docker Certified Associate demonstrates proficiency and commitment to continuous learning. Leadership-specific certifications, like ITIL or PMI-ACP, can also enhance a candidate's profile.
Trends in the role
The DevOps Manager role evolves with the rise of AI and automation in IT workflows. Emerging trends include:
AI-driven DevOps (managers now incorporate AI tools to predict system failures and optimize workflows);
DevSecOps (security integration is no longer optional); and
Infrastructure as Code (ensuring infrastructure setups are version-controlled and automated).
Salaries for DevOps Managers
Salaries of DevOps specialists vary by company size, region, and the complexity of the role. Here are some average annual wages in different countries (as of December 2024):
USA: $135,000–$180,000
Israel: $110,000–$140,000
Ukraine: $40,000–$65,000
Poland: $60,000–$85,000
Germany: $90,000–$130,000
India: $30,000–$50,000
Does your company need a DevOps Manager?
A DevOps Manager can help you answer critical questions like:
Are your deployment cycles too slow?
Does your team face constant communication issues?
Are manual processes causing inefficiencies or errors?
If your company relies on frequent software updates, operates complex systems, or struggles with slow development cycles, a DevOps Manager can be transformative. They are vital for businesses adopting cloud technologies, seeking rapid scaling, or dealing with security concerns.
Who is an Android engineer?
When you see an ad, “Android engineer needed,” such a position will require you to create android robots or improve the Android operational system itself. What people usually mean is a software developer who specializes in designing, building, testing, and maintaining applications for devices running the Android operating system. Android engineers are people who work on applications for smartphones, tablets, wearables, smart TVs, and other Android-powered devices.
How many operating systems are there?
It might seem that there are only iOS and Android, but they are just the most common ones. In reality, there are dozens of operating systems for various devices. When we talk about mobile devices, apart from iOS and Android, there are also some niche or legacy systems like HarmonyOS (Huawei), KaiOS, Blackberry OS, Symbian, and Windows Phone (discontinued).
Desktop and laptop operating systems are a bit more diverse. Here, you will have Windows for Microsoft, macOS for Apple, Linux for various distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, or Debian, and ChromeOS (Google).
When did the division between iOS and Android appear?
There was no such a division into operational systems when mobile phones just appeared. It started in 2007 with Apple introducing iOS alongside the first iPhone. With this step, they marked a major shift in mobile computing and the birth of modern smartphones. Initially, iOS dominated the market with its smooth interface and app ecosystem.
A year later, in 2008, Google launched the first Android phone (the HTC Dream/T-Mobile G1). Android was designed as an open-source alternative to iOS, allowing manufacturers like Samsung, LG, and HTC to adopt it.
By 2010, iOS and Android became the dominant mobile operating systems, leaving older platforms like Symbian, Windows Mobile, and Blackberry OS in decline. Today, they collectively account for over 99% of the global mobile OS market.
What’s the difference between iOS, Android, and web software developers?
The primary difference between iOS, Android, and web software developers lies in the platforms they work on, the tools they use, and the skills required for their specializations. Here’s a quick recap:
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Android engineer's key responsibilities
In a few words, an Android engineer develops software that would run smoothly on an Android operational system. Here’s a broader explanation of their day-to-day activities:
App development. Write code to develop Android apps, typically with Kotlin or Java, and frameworks provided by the Android SDK.
UI/UX Implementation. Design user-friendly and visually appealing interfaces that comply with Android's Material Design guidelines.
Performance optimization. Ensure apps run smoothly while effectively using resources and loading on various devices.
Testing. Conduct debugging and testing to identify and fix bugs or compatibility issues.
Integration. Connect apps to back-end services, APIs, databases, and third-party libraries.
Version compatibility. Ensure applications function correctly across different versions of Android and on a wide range of devices with different screen sizes and hardware capabilities.
Maintenance. Update apps to support new OS versions, add features, and address user feedback or security concerns.
Skills required from an Android engineer
Proficiency in Kotlin or Java.
Familiarity with Android Studio (the official IDE) and tools like Gradle.
Knowledge of Android SDK and Jetpack libraries (e.g., LiveData, Room, Navigation).
Understanding of design patterns like MVP, MVVM, or Clean Architecture.
Experience with testing tools (e.g., Espresso, JUnit).
Ability to use version control systems like Git.
Awareness of publishing and managing apps on the Google Play Store.
Average annual salaries of Android engineers
As always, the salaries of tech talent can differ drastically and depend on many factors. The key factors are the level of proficiency of an engineer (years of experience, background, skills) and their location.
These are some of the average annual salaries of Android engineers as of December 2024 based on open data and job placement platforms.
United States: $144,000
Canada: $80,000
United Kingdom: $67,000
Germany: $74,000
France: $58,000
Sweden: $87,220
India: $44,137
Ukraine: $37,600
The difference between a salary in the USA and, say, Ukraine is drastic – in Ukraine, the salary of an Android engineer is almost four times lower, which doesn’t affect the quality of their work.
As a business owner seeking to cut costs, you can think of hiring software developers abroad, and the question arises –
Should you outsource Android development?
Outsourcing Android development can be a good choice, especially for startups or companies for whom the Android version of their application is not a priority and can be delegated to third parties. Apart from traditional outsourcing, when you hire an agency based in Ukraine, India, or Poland for cost-effective software development, there are other options.
Options to delegate Android development
1. Freelancers.
Hire independent Android developers from platforms like Upwork, Toptal, or Fiverr.
Pros: Flexibility and lower costs for small or short-term projects.
Cons: Limited scalability and reliability compared to agencies.
2. Dedicated development teams (outstaffing)
Employ a dedicated team through an outstaffing provider. These developers work exclusively for your project while being employed by the provider.
Pros: Full control over the team and better scalability compared to freelancers. Outstaffing vendors are quite popular in Eastern Europe for cost-efficiency and skilled talent.
3. Offshore development centers
Set up a remote team in another country through a third-party partner that manages operations and hiring.
Pros: Best suited for large-scale, long-term development needs.
4. Onshore/nearshore outsourcing
Partner with firms in your region or neighboring countries.
Pros: Easier communication and alignment on time zones; suitable for projects needing frequent interaction.
In some cases, like when you cooperate with vendors like MWDN, you can have a huge variety of working models and the ability to get a personalized solution for your needs. Ready to try it out? Contact MWDN and get all the benefits of outstaffing for your business.
Who is a programmer engineering analyst?
A programmer engineering analyst is yet another way to describe a person creating software and technology solutions. Programmer analysts usually combine development expertise with systems analysis, so their role involves analysis of business or engineering problems and developing software to address them.
What’s the difference between a programmer analyst and a software developer?
These roles are often mixed and used interchangeably, and yet they have some obvious distinctions in focus and responsibilities. Let’s compare a programmer analyst and a software developer step by step.
Scope of responsibilities
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Approach to work
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Skill set
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Interaction with stakeholders
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Career context
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To put it simply, if the role involves analysis of business needs combined with programming, it aligns with a programmer analyst. If it revolves around coding and implementing software solutions, it is more like a software developer. While both roles require technical expertise, the programmer analyst tends to have a broader focus that blends technical and business perspectives, whereas the software developer works more on the software creation.
What does a programmer analyst do?
A Programmer Analyst develops, analyzes, and maintains software systems that meet business or technical requirements. Here’s a detailed yet not limited list of their tasks and responsibilities:
Meet with stakeholders or clients to understand their needs
Translate business requirements into technical specifications
Analyze existing workflows for improvements
Write, test, debug, and maintain code
Modify and enhance existing software
Ensure that new software integrates with existing systems
Work on APIs and data migrations to connect disparate systems
Investigate and resolve technical issues
Enhance performance or usability
Create detailed technical documentation
Document workflows and system modifications
Be a liaison between the technical team and stakeholders
Collaborate with QA teams and conduct system testing to identify bugs or inefficiencies
To fulfill all their responsibilities, programmer analysts might need some particular skills, including proficiency in programming languages (Java, Python, SQL, C#), the ability to analyze data, workflows, and system architecture, and strong interpersonal skills to bridge technical and business perspectives, understanding of databases, cloud computing, APIs, and system integration, and skill in troubleshooting and optimizing software and systems.
Programmer analysts work in finance, healthcare, technology, and government, and they are particularly valuable in large enterprises with complex IT ecosystems.
When did this role first appear?
The concept of roles blending programming and systems analysis dates back to the 1960s and 1970s, during the rise of mainframe computing in industries, when businesses began relying on large-scale software systems. As businesses started automating processes, the need for people able to write code and analyze systems has grown.
What is the salary of a programmer engineering analyst in different countries?
As always, the numbers below are just averages. The more precise salary will depend on the company’s size and industry and the level of a specialist. On average, here’s what a programmer engineering analyst can get in different countries per year:
USA: $80,000–$110,000
Canada: $60,000–$85,000
United Kingdom: $50,000–$70,000
Germany: $55,000–$75,000
India: $12,000–$25,000
Vietnam: $8,000–$18,000
Poland: $20,000–$35,000
Ukraine: $15,000–$30,000
But guess what! With staff augmentation, your location should not limit your talent pool! Hire whoever you need, whenever you want, with MWDN. Contact us today for a free consultation on international hires and staff augmentation capabilities!
Who is A Scrum Master?
A Scrum Master is a facilitator and coach for a team working within the Scrum framework, a methodology for managing and completing complex projects. They ensure the team adheres to Scrum principles, remove obstacles, and foster an environment that promotes productivity and collaboration. Their primary goal is to help the team deliver high-value results.
Scrum and the new roles it created in the tech sphere
Scrum originated in the 1990s when Jeff Sutherland and Ken Schwaber introduced it as a framework for software development, inspired by concepts from lean manufacturing and agile project management.
First formalized in 1995, Scrum emphasized iterative progress, teamwork, and adaptability. It revolutionized IT project management in many ways. For example, it introduced some new roles:
Scrum Master, a servant-leader for the team.
Product Owner, who represents the business and prioritizes work.
Development Team, cross-functional experts who execute tasks.
Why is Scrum a thing?
One of Scrum’s biggest advantages is its focus on teamwork. Scrum encourages collaboration and frequent communication, which helps team members work effectively and avoid misunderstandings. This open communication also leads to quicker problem-solving.
Another benefit is that Scrum breaks work into smaller pieces called sprints. Each sprint delivers a portion of the project that can be tested and improved. This means teams can adapt to changes, such as shifting customer needs or unexpected challenges, without redoing everything.
Scrum also improves transparency. Everyone involved in the project knows what’s happening at all times, from priorities to progress. This clarity helps stakeholders stay informed and ensures the team is aligned with business goals. Finally, because Scrum involves regular reviews and adjustments, it promotes continuous learning and improvement, leading to better results over time.
Day-to-day tasks of a Scrum Master
Scrum Master fosters productivity, resolves issues, and helps the team succeed in an Agile environment. Most of their tasks are connected with communicating with a team. Here’s exactly what a Scrum Master does:
Image source: Reddit
1. Facilitate team meetings to ensure alignment and progress
The Scrum Master organizes and leads key Scrum events such as daily stand-ups, sprint planning, and retrospectives. In daily stand-ups, they guide the team in sharing updates, clarifying goals, and identifying roadblocks. Their role is to ensure the meetings are efficient, staying focused on outcomes rather than turning into long discussions.
2. Address obstacles that slow down the team's work
When team members encounter problems, such as unclear requirements or resource constraints, the Scrum Master steps in to remove these barriers. This could involve coordinating with other departments, clarifying priorities with the Product Owner, or resolving technical dependencies.
3. Help team members prioritize tasks to focus on the most important goals
Scrum Masters collaborate with the Product Owner and the team to ensure work aligns with sprint objectives. They help the team understand what tasks add the most value, keeping everyone focused on high-priority work instead of getting sidetracked by minor issues.
4. Monitor the sprint goals and ensure the team stays on track
They track progress against the sprint plan using tools like burn-down charts, kanban boards, or software like Jira. If the team is falling behind, the Scrum Master identifies bottlenecks and works with the team to address them, ensuring goals remain realistic.
5. Coach the team on Agile principles to improve their processes
A Scrum Master acts as a mentor, helping the team understand and apply Scrum practices. This includes teaching iterative development, encouraging collaboration, and fostering accountability.
6. Communicate updates to stakeholders about progress and challenges
Scrum Masters ensure transparency by providing regular updates to stakeholders. They use clear, concise reports or participate in meetings to share progress, risks, and next steps. This keeps everyone informed and reduces miscommunication between the team and the business.
7. Review completed work to identify what went well and what could improve
After each sprint, the Scrum Master leads retrospectives where the team reflects on their performance. They encourage honest discussions about successes and challenges, helping the team develop actionable steps to improve their efficiency and outcomes in future sprints.
8. Build trust within the team and encourage collaboration
Scrum Masters create a safe environment where team members feel comfortable sharing ideas, feedback, and concerns. They mediate conflicts when needed and foster a culture of respect and cooperation, ensuring everyone works together smoothly.
9. Protect the team from unnecessary interruptions or pressure
They act as a shield for the team, handling external distractions such as last-minute requests from stakeholders or unplanned work. By managing these disruptions, Scrum Masters ensure the team can focus on their sprint commitments.
10. Ensure tools and workflows support the team’s needs
The Scrum Master sets up and maintains tools like Jira, Confluence, or Trello to streamline workflows and track tasks. They also refine processes based on team feedback, ensuring workflows remain efficient and user-friendly.
Requirements to become a Scrum Master
To become a successful Scrum Master, candidates need a combination of education, certification, skills, and experience, but there’s more to the role than just ticking boxes. Beyond formal qualifications, aspiring Scrum Masters must demonstrate a mindset geared toward collaboration, adaptability, and servant leadership.
Education
A degree in business, IT, or a related field provides a solid foundation, but the real value lies in understanding how to balance technical and organizational goals. Some Scrum Masters without formal degrees excel due to strong domain expertise or hands-on experience in Agile environments.
Certifications
Credentials like Certified Scrum Master (CSM) or Professional Scrum Master (PSM) validate knowledge of Agile and Scrum principles. Advanced certifications, such as the Advanced Certified Scrum Master (A-CSM), show deeper expertise in fostering high-performing teams.
Skills
Communication and leadership are core, but being a Scrum Master also requires emotional intelligence to handle team dynamics, adaptability to adjust processes for different teams, and analytical thinking to assess workflows. Experience with tools like Jira, Trello, or Confluence is increasingly valued.
Experience
A background in project management, team leadership, or software development provides valuable context for the challenges Agile teams face. However, people transitioning from roles like business analysts or QA specialists often succeed as they bring a deep understanding of collaboration and workflows.
***
Being a Scrum Master is more than enforcing rules or holding meetings; it’s about fostering trust, guiding teams through uncertainty, and continuously improving the way people work. Curiosity and a willingness to learn are essential as Agile methodologies evolve rapidly. The most successful Scrum Masters act as change agents, not just facilitators.
Current trends and demand
With the rise of remote work, Scrum Masters now focus more on virtual collaboration tools and fostering team engagement across geographies. Today, employers value Scrum Masters with additional knowledge of DevOps, business analysis, or product management.
Some aspects of Scrum Master duties, such as tracking progress, are increasingly supported by AI tools, but human leadership remains essential.
Are they still needed?
Scrum Masters are still in demand, especially in industries like IT, finance, and healthcare where agile methodologies are critical for innovation and adaptability. However, their role is evolving to include broader team and organizational coaching responsibilities. Today, most team leads, project managers, and heads of departments have the functions of a Scrum Master involved in their role responsibilities.
Average annual salaries for Scrum Masters in 2024
USA: $110,000 - $130,000
Israel: $85,000 - $95,000
Ukraine: $30,000 - $45,000
Poland: $45,000 - $60,000
Germany: $90,000 - $105,000
India: $15,000 - $25,000
Does your company need a Scrum Master?
To decide, think about the challenges your teams face and how a Scrum Master could make a difference.
Team size and complexity. If your team is large or handles complex projects with multiple moving parts, a Scrum Master can bring clarity and organization. They help break work into manageable steps, making it easier for everyone to stay on track.
Transitioning to Agile. Adopting Agile is more than just changing processes; it’s about shifting how teams think and work together. A Scrum Master acts as a guide, helping teams understand Agile principles and build habits that improve collaboration and productivity.
Frequent delays and miscommunication. When projects stall due to unclear priorities or misaligned goals, a Scrum Master can address these issues. They ensure tasks are prioritized correctly and that everyone, from developers to stakeholders, is on the same page.
Cross-functional teams. Diverse teams bring unique expertise but often struggle with communication or alignment. A Scrum Master fosters teamwork, ensuring that every member contributes effectively to shared goals.
Who is a senior business intelligence consultant?
A business intelligence consultant, also often referred to as a business analyst, BA, or BI, is a professional who gathers, analyzes, and uses data to help companies make better decisions. They develop and use BI tools, dashboards, and reporting systems and make sure that their employers monitor key metrics, identify trends, and improve their performance.
A BI consultant works at a crossroads of several roles – they combine skills in data analytics, IT, and business strategy and often work closely with stakeholders to make sure that their data insights align with business goals.
What’s the difference between a BI consultant and a business analyst?
Even though the roles are often intertwined and used as synonyms, there’s a difference between a BI and a BA.
If you need someone to build and manage BI systems for reporting and analytics, → You need a BI consultant.
If you need someone to analyze business problems and optimize processes → You need a Business analyst. Here’s a fast recap:
Even though the difference is there, much depends on the historical practices of each particular company. In some cases, you would find one person taking both roles.
History of the BI consultant role
The role of a BI consultant started in the late 1980s and early 1990s when companies began using data warehouses and tools to help with decision-making. As advanced BI software like SAP, Oracle, Tableau, and Power BI appeared, the role shifted from simple IT reporting to playing a key part in business strategy. In the 2010s, big data and cloud computing made BI even more important, focusing on predictive analytics, real-time data, and AI-powered insights.
Responsibilities and day-to-day tasks of a BI consultant
A BI consultant helps businesses understand their data and use it to make smarter decisions. Unlike other roles, a BI consultant specializes in turning complex data into clear, actionable insights. They don’t just collect or analyze data — they connect the dots to show what’s working, what’s not, and what can be improved.
BI consultants provide a “big picture” view of the business using data. For example, they can show which products bring the most profit or where the company is losing money.
They turn raw numbers into easy-to-understand visuals like dashboards and reports, helping C-level management make decisions.
They spot hidden trends or inefficiencies and help companies save time, money, and resources.
BI consultants forecast trends based on historical data, which helps businesses plan ahead and stay competitive.
Other roles, like analysts or developers, may focus on gathering data or creating tools, but a BI consultant bridges the gap between data and business strategy. Among their responsibilities are data analysis and reporting, system development, data integration, performance monitoring, client collaboration, training, and support.
BI consultant's day-to-day tasks
Meeting with stakeholders to discuss business goals and data requirements.
Designing data models and visualizations.
Troubleshooting and optimizing BI systems.
Writing SQL queries or working with ETL tools to integrate and process data.
Analyzing trends to provide strategic recommendations.
Documenting processes and ensuring data quality.
Senior-level BI consultants have a bit different responsibilities. For starters, they include leadership – Senior BI consultants are expected to lead BI projects, manage junior consultants, and coordinate across teams. Employers also expect more strategic insights and high-level recommendations based on complex data analyses. Senior BI consultants will also handle executive-level communication, align BI initiatives with company goals, develop large-scale, scalable BI architectures, and ensure the accuracy and integrity of BI tools and systems.
How do senior BI consultants differ?
Senior consultants handle more complex datasets and advanced BI tools, so they have a deeper expertise in business intelligence. They also play a leadership role as they mentor teams and oversee project timelines. Senior consultants can drive decisions at the enterprise level and often interact with C-level executives, presenting insights and strategies at a higher level. In other words, senior BI consultants take on broader responsibilities.
When does your business need a senior BI consultant?
A senior BI consultant is an expensive specialist who tackles complex challenges. How to make sure that our business will benefit from an expert of such a level? Here are five needs a senior BI consultant can cover:
You have strategic growth plans. If you need data-driven strategies for market expansion or new ventures. For example, you’re a company expanding globally that needs insights into regional markets and customer behavior.
You have a data overload. When your data is complex or unmanageable, getting actionable insights becomes hard. For example, you’re an e-commerce platform that struggles to analyze customer purchasing patterns across millions of transactions.
Your decisions are inefficient. You might have a problem if your current BI processes don't support real-time decisions. For example, you’re a logistics company that needs predictive analytics to optimize delivery routes.
Your BI systems underperform. Think of hiring a senior BI specialist if your BI tools fail to deliver the expected ROI or insights. For example, if your retail chain's dashboard is outdated and can’t handle modern analytics needs.
You have advanced analytics needs. You might need an expert if you’re integrating AI, ML, or advanced forecasting models. For example, you’re a healthcare firm that wants predictive analytics for patient care and resource allocation.
BI consultant salary
Salaries for BI consultants are quite high and, as always, depend on many factors, with the location of your specialist being the most influential one. Check out some average annual salaries for mid-level and senior BI consultants in different regions:
United States: $101,000 for a mid-level BI and $120,000 for a senior-level specialist
Canada: $83,000 for a mid-level and $94,000 for a senior BI
United Kingdom: $67,000 for a mid-level and $92,000 for a senior BI
Israel: $69,000 for a mid-level and $77,000 for a senior BI
Germany: $53,000 for a mid-level and $73,000 for a senior BI
India: $9,000–$14,500 for a mid-level and $14,500+ for senior BI
Vietnam: $21,000 for a mid-level and $28,000 for senior BI
Poland: $26,000 for a mid-level and $34,000 for senior BI
Ukraine: $21,000 for a mid-level and $28,000 for senior BI
With staff augmentation, though, you don’t have to limit your choice of talent to your location. Hire the best specialists from any country you want and save up to 60% on direct labor costs!
Who is a service delivery manager?
The demand for delivery managers is rising because IT and tech companies rely on them to improve efficiency and keep customers happy. The popularity of the role is driven by the digital transformation of most businesses and the rising popularity of cloud services and AI.
The demand for delivery managers has grown in remote and hybrid work settings, especially since the pandemic showed how important smooth service delivery is. This trend is set to continue as businesses focus on scaling, better customer experiences, and staying competitive.
The definition of a service delivery manager
A delivery manager is a relatively new role in IT. It emerged in the 1990s alongside the rise of IT service management and frameworks like the Information Technology Infrastructure Library. IT services became more complex and client-focused, so companies needed a specialized role to ensure services were delivered and consistently aligned with business goals and quality standards. Today, delivery managers act as a bridge between the client and the delivery team, making sure that projects are completed on time, within budget, and according to agreed-upon service levels.
What is the difference between a delivery manager and a Scrum master?
A Delivery manager is essential for large-scale projects with multiple stakeholders, complex deliverables, and significant resource management needs. A Scrum master is ideal for teams operating within a Scrum framework, focusing on agile practices and team empowerment. In some companies, the roles might overlap or be blended, but their core focus areas remain distinct.
Day-to-day tasks of a service delivery manager
A delivery manager keeps IT services running while meeting client needs. Their work requires a mix of leadership, problem-solving, and technical understanding. Here’s a breakdown of their daily tasks:
1. Monitor service-level performance
SLAs, or service-level agreements, are promises to the client about service quality, like ensuring 99.9% system uptime or responding to issues within a set timeframe. The delivery manager checks if these promises are met every day. For example, if a client's website goes down, the SDM ensures the team fixes it within the agreed time and documents what happened.
2. IT teams and clients coordination to address service-related issues
The SDM acts as a problem solver when issues come up. If a client reports slow software performance, the SDM works with developers and support teams to identify the cause—such as a server overload—and ensures a quick fix. At the same time, they keep the client informed about progress.
3. Allocate resources and manage budgets
The SDM decides how to use available resources, such as team members, tools, and money, to meet project goals. For example, if a project needs more developers during a critical phase, the SDM shifts team members from less urgent tasks to prioritize the client’s needs, all while staying within budget.
4. Reporting and creating plans for improvement
Every day, the SDM tracks metrics like response times, system uptime, or client satisfaction scores. They analyze this data and propose solutions if they notice delays or recurring issues. For instance, if many clients report similar software bugs, the SDM might suggest adding a dedicated quality assurance step before releases.
5. A liaison between the client and the internal team
The SDM ensures both sides understand each other. If the client requests a feature that would take longer than expected, the SDM explains the reasons, offers realistic timelines, and ensures the internal team understands the client’s priorities. This avoids misunderstandings and keeps the project on track.
6. Identifying risks
The SDM looks for anything that might delay or disrupt a project, like team shortages, technical failures, or client budget cuts. For example, if there’s a risk of a critical server going offline due to high traffic, the SDM ensures backup systems are ready to avoid downtime.
Does your company need an SDM?
To know if you need a delivery manager, look at the complexity of your operations and your service management needs. You will benefit from a skilled delivery manager in these cases:
You have complex projects with multiple stakeholders
SLAs are critical for your business
You require service continuity
You have large-scale operations or expanding business
You have recurring issues or dissatisfied clients
You need better accountability
What skills should a delivery manager have?
Technical expertise → Understanding IT systems, software development, and infrastructure.
Project management → Ability to manage timelines, budgets, and resources.
Communication and collaboration → Strong client management and teamwork skills.
Problem-solving → Quick thinking to resolve service issues.
Leadership → Motivating teams and ensuring alignment with business goals.
ITSM/ITIL knowledge → Familiarity with frameworks to maintain service quality.
Education → A bachelor's degree in IT, computer science, or business management is common.
Certifications → ITIL, PMP (Project Management Professional), or Agile certifications are highly valued.
Experience → Most delivery managers have 5+ years of experience in IT project management, customer support, or service management roles.
Average salaries of delivery managers in different countries
Being a skilled manager, combining technical skills with leadership, delivery managers are not cheap, especially in countries with well-developed economies. Here are annual average salaries of SDMs in US dollars in countries across Europe, Asia, and America:
If your location limits your talent pool to extremely expensive specialists, think of staff augmentation, an outsourcing strategy that will help you save up to 60% on direct labor costs without compromising the quality of IT services you need.
Who is a test automation engineer?
A test automation engineer is a quality assurance engineer responsible for testing software automatically. They create, maintain, and execute automated test scripts to find bugs in the software and improve its overall quality. Automation QA engineers use programming languages and tools to automate repetitive testing processes, reducing the time and effort required compared to manual testing.
The history of automated testing
The history of automated testing is closely tied to the evolution of software development, but it didn't appear at the same time as manual testing. Manual testing started with the birth of programming, but automated testing emerged only decades later when software became much more complex. Here’s a quick history recap:
1. The era of manual testing (1940s-1960s)
The concept of software testing began in the 1940s and 1950s, shortly after the first programmable computers were developed. Testing in this era was entirely manual, as it was tied to debugging and verifying the basic functionality of small, rudimentary programs. Software testing was considered an extension of debugging, so developers themselves manually inspected their code and made sure it worked properly.
2. The birth of automation (1970s)
By the 1960s and 1970s, software systems became more complex and larger in scale. The repetitive and time-consuming nature of manual testing made it clear that automation was needed to scale testing efforts.
Automated testing first appeared during this period. Tech specialists responsible for testing used batch processing scripts on mainframe computers. These scripts executed predefined sets of test cases, verified outputs, and reported anomalies. However, these tools were primitive compared to modern automated testing frameworks.
The 1970s also saw the rise of Unix, bringing tools like make, which automated builds and indirectly supported early forms of automation in the testing process.
3. Growth of automated testing tools (1980s-1990s)
The 1980s introduced specialized software testing tools like IBM’s Rational Test Suite and Mercury Interactive’s tools (later acquired by HP), which helped with automating regression, performance, and load testing.
The software development methodologies of the 1990s (Agile and Extreme Programming) placed greater emphasis on automated testing, creating the concept of unit testing. Frameworks like JUnit for Java appeared, promoting test-driven development.
4. The modern era of automated testing (2000s-present)
The 2000s saw the rise of open-source testing tools, such as Selenium (2004), which became widely adopted for web application testing. Open-source tools democratized testing and made it accessible to smaller organizations.
The adoption of Agile and DevOps methodologies has made automated testing essential. CI/CD pipelines rely heavily on automated testing to ensure rapid, reliable software delivery.
Core differences between automation and manual QA engineers
In 2025, automated testing hasn’t replaced manual testing entirely; the two complement each other. Manual testing is still valuable for exploratory, usability, and ad-hoc testing, while automation focuses on repetitive, predictable, and large-scale testing.
What are the key tools automated test engineers use?
Automated testing engineers use many tools. Here are some of the most popular tools and frameworks:
Selenium. Open-source tool for web testing across browsers and languages (Java, Python, JavaScript).
Cypress. JavaScript-based tool for front-end web testing with real-time debugging.
Appium. Cross-platform tool for mobile app testing.
BrowserStack. Cloud platform for cross-browser and cross-device testing.
JUnit & TestNG. Java frameworks for writing and running automated tests.
Postman. API testing tool with JavaScript scripting.
Ranorex Studio. User-friendly tool for testing desktop, web, and mobile apps.
Playwright. Web automation tool by Microsoft, supports multiple languages.
Katalon Studio. All-in-one tool for web, API, and mobile testing.
Perfecto. Cloud solution for web and mobile app testing.
Selenium, Cypress, and Appium consistently rank among the top automation tools based on GitHub repositories and industry reports.
Meanwhile, Python and Java are the most frequently used programming languages for automation, with JavaScript rapidly growing due to its simplicity and usage in tools like Cypress.
Is automated testing better than manual testing?
Automated testing has a bunch of advantages. It can run scripts significantly faster than manual testing and execute tests repeatedly with minimal human intervention. It can also uncover about a quarter more defects than manual methods. Automation is also perfect for large-scale projects that require frequent testing across multiple platforms. What’s more important, automated tools eliminate the risk of human error, which ensures consistent execution of test cases.
However, manual testing is still widely used. Why so? Due to its advantages – flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and a better understanding of the user experience.
Manual testing is better suited for exploratory, usability, or ad-hoc testing that requires human intuition, creativity, and adaptability. Manual testing can be more economical for smaller applications with less frequent updates since it doesn't require tool investments or script development. What’s also important is that manual testers can provide insights into the look, feel, and usability of an application, which automation can't replicate.
What are the salaries of automated test engineers in different countries?
The average annual salaries for automated test engineers are much higher than those of manual QA engineers, especially when we talk about middle-to-senior levels of specialists. The geographical location of a specialist also matters. Here are some average annual salaries of automated QA engineers across Europe, Asia, and America:
United States: $95,000–$115,000
Canada: $70,000–$90,000
United Kingdom: $55,000–$75,000
India: $10,000–$25,000
Germany: $60,000–$80,000
Ukraine: $20,000–$35,000
Philippines: $8,000–$20,000
Work permit
Definition of a Work Permit: A work permit is an official document granting authorization to individuals to seek employment and legally earn in a foreign nation. It is common for countries to mandate either permanent or temporary work permits for those wishing to work within their territories. Acquiring this permit involves a structured application procedure.
Application process for a work permit
The procedure to apply for a work permit varies globally. Let’s take the U.S. and the EU as examples.
U.S. work permit application
In the United States, the work permit is referred to as the Employment Authorization Document (EAD) or Form I-766, which is submitted to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Possessors of this document are permitted to work legally in the U.S., primarily on a temporary basis. Along with the permit, foreign workers receive a Social Security Number (SSN), ensuring protection from discrimination based on immigration status under U.S. law.
U.S. citizens and permanent residents are exempt from requiring a work permit. Moreover, if a U.S. company hires someone remotely or via an employer of record, a work permit is not necessary.
Applicants must complete Form I-765 and submit it with supporting documents like passport copies, U.S. visa, previous work permits if any, I-94 travel record, and other specific documents. For detailed information on various work visas, refer to the respective sources.
Certain individuals in the midst of obtaining the aforementioned documents may qualify for a work permit. Additionally, various categories, like students with off-campus jobs linked to international firms, are eligible for work permits.
Employers sponsoring employee relocations to the U.S. must adhere to the Alien Labor Certification prerequisites set by the Department of Labor (DOL). Note that the USCIS will deny work permits to tourists or those without valid documentation.
EU work permit
In the European Union (EU), a work permit is a formal document that grants non-EU citizens the right to work legally within an EU member state. The main objective of this permit is to regulate and manage employment opportunities for individuals from outside the EU.
General principles
The EU introduced the Single Permit Directive to unify the process, allowing third-country nationals to reside and work in a member state. Upon approval, individuals receive both residence and work permissions.
EU citizens have the right to work in any member state without the need for a work permit due to the principle of freedom of movement.
Each EU member state may have its specific requirements and processes for granting work permits to non-EU nationals. Thus, it is crucial to refer to national regulations when considering employment in a particular country.
Application process
Eligibility. Applicants should have a confirmed job offer or employment contract in the EU member state they wish to work in. Some states may require employers to prove that no EU citizen is available to perform the job (a labor market test).
Documentation. Necessary documents often include a valid passport, job offer or employment contract, proof of no criminal record, and health insurance, among others.
Duration. The validity of a work permit varies but is typically linked to the duration of the employment contract. It may be renewable.
Blue Card. The EU Blue Card is a special work permit issued for highly skilled non-EU citizens, allowing them to live and work in an EU member state. It comes with certain privileges, such as shorter processing times and the possibility of moving to other EU states under specific conditions.
Q&A: Other things you need to know about work permits
1. Is a work permit mandatory worldwide?
Yes, in most cases. Each nation has its regulations and criteria for work permits. For instance, European Union nations have a unified system. In France, employers must demonstrate the absence of local expertise, while in Germany, job-seeker visas are available. The U.K. and Singapore offer diverse routes for work permit applications.
2. What is the duration of a work permit's validity?
The U.S. EAD typically spans one year, but the duration varies based on other visa statuses.
3. Is a work permit synonymous with a work visa?
No. A visa usually grants entry and residence in a country for a stipulated duration. Some visas allow work, like digital nomad visas. Conversely, a work permit specifically grants the right to earn in a foreign land, occasionally irrespective of visa status.
4. What if one works without a permit?
Operating without a valid work permit in the U.S. breaches federal and state regulations. Consequences include complications with green card applications, re-entry bans, and potential future visa restrictions. It's crucial to remember that legal repercussions differ by nation. For secure and accurate work permit applications, consider consulting an immigration attorney.
5. How long after the application will I wait for a work permit?
After sending your work permit application to USCIS, expect a response in about 2–7 months. Certain application types, such as those for asylum, may be processed faster. Within 2-3 weeks of submitting, USCIS should provide you with a confirmation receipt. You can monitor the progress of your application on the USCIS website using the receipt number provided.
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We recommend you check out official web resources to get more information about immigration and work permits and always stay updated about the changes in the immigration laws.
